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Nuts and Bolts: The Loyalist Evacuation Ships of 1783. Part Two of Two
copyright Stephen Davidson UE
In addition to supplying invaluable information about enslaved Africans, Black Loyalists, and white loyalist passengers, the Book of Negroes has within its pages data on the ships, their captains, and the destinations that were all part of the loyalist evacuations from New York City in 1783. But like the unseen rocks beneath the waters on a ship’s voyage to sanctuary, there are quirks within the ledger that can lead a researcher astray.
Great care must be taken in going over the data found in the Book of Negroes. Sometimes the lists for passengers of a particular ship sailing on a given date are divided between two locations in the ledger. It is an easy mistake to count the ship as making two trips when actually it is its divided passenger manifest that appears in two places. Although the Kingston only took loyalist refugees to Port Roseway in April, July and October of 1783, its passenger list for the April sailing is split within the Book of Negroes, luring one into thinking that it sailed twice in April.
Whether a master was a military officer or civilian, the Book of Negroes lists no less than 140 men by name who were commissioned with the task of taking Loyalists to sanctuary.  There are entries for seven ships that do not list their masters. One vessel, the Martha, which carried loyalists and their 10 slaves northward is not recorded in the Book of Negroes. Its master was John Willis.
Some of the evacuation vessels only made one voyage to a refuge point; others were employed as many as 5 and 6 times. It would seem that the Mary sailed to Quebec, the St. John River (twice), Port Roseway (twice), and Belgium.  But when one pays attention to the names of its master, one finds four different names: Francis Rowbottom (two voyages), George Bell, Thomas Rowbottom, and Matthew Peacock (two voyages). The researcher is left with questions: Did the same ship sail under four different captains? Or was there more than one vessel named Mary that transported refugees?
The William presents the same quandary: four voyages and four different captains: Edward Major, John Cook, Thomas Potts and an unnamed master. The Joseph made four voyages under the command of Martin Stout, James Mitchell, and Ben Coward. The ship Elizabeth made four trips: Port Roseway, St. John River (twice), as well as England and Germany (one voyage). Michael Hodson/Hodgson and John Watson are listed as masters – each in command of two voyages. To complicate matters further, a brig named Elizabeth took refugees to the West Indies.
The Aurora is known to have made five voyages: the St. John River (twice), Germany, Halifax, and Belgium.  Its masters are given as Thomas Jackson (two trips), C. Saunders, and an unnamed captain (two trips).
When one adds up all of the individual voyages that evacuation vessels made which are recorded in the Book of Negroes, one discovers that sailing vessels made 204 separate trips to take Loyalists to sanctuary – a number which one must consider the minimum number of voyages, given –as we have seen— that not every evacuation vessel is listed in Carleton’s ledger.
If an award of merit were bestowed upon the ship’s master who made the most voyages with American refugees as passengers, the honour would have to be shared by 11 captains. The Book of Negroes reveals that no master ever transported loyalists more than three times. Given the size of his vessel, the L’Abondance, Lt. Phillips would certainly receive the award for the largest number of people taken to sanctuary. His transport ship (that could carry upwards of 400 people) went to Port Roseway twice, and then Port Mouton before returning to England.
Other three-time captains were John Adamson of the Apollo (Port Roseway twice and the St. John River), Richard Strong of the Commerce (St. John River twice and England), William Oxley/Oaxley of the Grace (Port Roseway, St. John River, and Quebec), Stephen Holman of the Grand Dutchess of Russia (St. John River, Annapolis Royal, and Port Roseway), John Atkinson of the Kingston (Port Roseway three times), James Hogg of the Lord Townshend (St. John River twice and Annapolis Royal), Robert Wilson of the Montague (St. John River twice and Port Roseway), William Steward of the Sovereign (St. John River three times),  Robert Watson of the Stafford (Port Roseway twice and Halifax), and John Wardell of the Three Sisters (Port Roseway, St. John River, and Quebec).
With the exception of only one evacuation vessel captain, all of the men listed above sailed to a variety of destinations rather than one that was very familiar to them.
It’s worth noting some of the more unusual evacuation vessels. We know from sources outside the Book of Negroes, the capacity of two naval transport vessels. The L’Abondance’s first mission began on July 31, 1783 with a crew of 81 men that included seamen, a gunner, a carpenter, a carpenter’s mate, a cook, a clerk, and a surgeon. The passengers on that first voyage were all Black Loyalists, comprised of 179 men, 147 women, and 84 children, indicating the L’Abondance had room for at least 410 passengers. The Union, once referred to as ‘“the best ship in the British fleet”, carried 209 passengers in April of 1783.  But not all evacuation vessels were so large – or inspired such confidence.
How did loyalist passengers feel about sailing on evacuation vessels that were originally intended to be destroyed? Both the Volcano and the Lucifer were bound for England in August of 1783 – and both were fire ships in the royal navy. A fire ship was either a small, obsolete warship or a purpose built vessel that was set on fire (or filled with explosives) and then sent sailing to ram into an enemy’s flotilla of wooden ships. It seems that the royal navy sent the two ships to North America in anticipation of attacking either American or French vessels. Unused in the revolution, the two fire ships returned to England carrying loyal refugees.  In the end, these two vessels of destruction became vessels of salvation.
One of the surprises one encounters while reading through the Book of Negroes is the number of destinations for the loyalist evacuation ships – and the frequency with which refugees were taken to particular places.
It is not unexpected that Nova Scotia was a primary destination for loyalist refugees, but it is interesting to discover that 10 shiploads of displaced persons went to Halifax, 15 to Annapolis Royal, 10 to Port Mouton, and 3 to Fort Cumberland in 1783. Port Roseway (modern day Shelburne) was the destination for 51 evacuation ships. The mouth of the St. John River (today’s Saint John, New Brunswick) received 68 vessels between May and November of 1783. Quebec City welcomed 8 refugee vessels.
The ports of Spithead and Portsmouth in England received 18 evacuation ships; Bremerhaven, Germany accounted for 16 vessels, the Bahamas welcomed 3, and Belgium saw 2 ships tie up at its docks in Ostend.
It is the stories of Loyalists that historians and genealogists find so fascinating – the tales of ordinary people caught up in extraordinary times. How remarkable it is that a ledger of names, dates, and destinations can provide the “nuts and bolts” that provide a framework for those stories of displacement and resettlement.
To secure permission to reprint this article contact the author at stephendavids@gmail.com.
(Editor’s note: Interested in reading a digital version of the Book of Negroes ledger? Visit https:// blackloyalist.com/cdc/documents/official/ black_loyalist_directory.htm )

The Long Point Settlement
From Ontario Heritage Trust:  Long Point was known to traders and travellers before the area was purchased from the Mississauga Indians in 1784. In this unsurveyed area twenty to thirty “squatters” had settled by 1791, some of whom were allowed to remain following surveys and Governor Simcoe’s visit in 1795. Further land grants were made to approved applicants, including many Loyalists. During the War of 1812 General Brock raised militia volunteers here for the attack on Detroit. The settlement’s farms and mills, until ravaged in 1814 by U.S. troops, helped supply the armed forces. By 1825 the “Long Point Settlement” was prospering again and in 1837 the seven townships became part of the new Talbot District.

The Long Point Settlers
The Long Point Settlers website is dedicated to the history and genealogy of the early families in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada and created to help family researchers in their quest for ancestral knowledge.
Norfolk History
I have been fascinated by the history of Norfolk County for several decades and in 1989 set out on a dedicated effort to find the earliest documents mentioning the Long Point Settlement. Over time I have been rewarded with many finds.
These were initially published in The Long Point Settlers Journals some of which are now out of print. I am now making these items available to the readers of this website. Just click on the links to the right to learn about the settlement in which the earliest settlers lived.
Happy Hunting, R. Robert Mutrie
(Editor’s Note: If you have an interest in this area, be sure to expand the menu list in top left, and explore. There is a great deal of information here.)

Calling all Mabee and Secord  Descendants Sat 27 Sept @1:00

The Grand River Branch  is holding a special event to unveil a plaque honouring our Loyalist ancestors, the Mabee & Secord families. See the poster which outlines the details and we would be so very pleased if interested people would attend. See poster …

We do hope some of the descendants of these families will join interested others.
Please let me know should you require any further information. Bill Terry UE terrybill766@gmail.com

Battle of Ridgefield Archaeology Project Blog Entry #2: The Fourth Engagement
by Stephen Bartkus 18 September, 2025  at The Ridgefield Historical Society
A pewter uniform button uncovered alongside musket balls offers rare material proof of a Revolutionary skirmish, linking Ridgefield’s landscape with soldiers who fought there nearly 250 years ago.
The Battle of Ridgefield archaeological project, funded by a National Park Service grant, is a project of the Ridgefield Historical Society, with Heritage Consultants LLC, the professional team charged with exploring and documenting evidence of the battle’s boundaries, engagements and participants. A first phase of this effort was completed in 2022, when documentation and mapping were undertaken.
Now, hands-on archaeological work is the primary focus of the team, which has been working at a variety of locations throughout the battlefield area. Monthly blog posts by team member archaeologist Dr. Samantha Lee provide updates on discoveries.
Recently, while detecting a site related to the Fourth Engagement of the Battle of Ridgefield, a Heritage team member uncovered a pewter USA button. The button was found near a number of dropped American musket balls as well as two impacted American musket balls, indicating that a skirmish possibly occurred there. (The Fourth Engagement was actually several skirmishes of varying sizes that occurred south of the main barricade. These all occurred after the British breached the main barricade and began chasing down Americans attempting to gain high ground on the ridges.)   Read more…
Noted by Ken Mac Callum UE

Hessian Soldiers Travelling to America: Disembarking on Continental Europe. September 1783
From a Hessian Diary of the American Revolution.
This excerpt from the diary of Johan Conrad Dohla (170 pages).

Major Moves during Johan’s deployment:

  • March 1777:   Depart Germany
  • 3 June 1777:   Arrive New York, then Amboy NJ
  • November 1777:  To Philadelphia
  • June 1778: to Long Island
  • July 1778: To Newport RI
  • October 1779: to New York
  • May 1781: to Chesapeake Bay (Yorktown)
  • October 1781: to Williamsburg
  • January 1782: to Frederick MD (about 40 km west of Baltimore)
  • May 1783: departed Frederick MD for Springfield, Long Island
  • August 1783: Boarded ship at Denys’s Ferry
  • September 1783: England, The North Sea and Germany

1783: Continuation of the Notable Occurences in the North American Field Campaign; Marching out of Captivity to Springfield on Long Island, in the Seventh and Last Year, Page 144

In the Month of September 1783
page 147
14 September.  We  remained  lying  at  Cuxhaven.  Today  the  inhabitants  of  Ritzeb†ttel celebrated  a  thanksgiving  and  harvest  celebration  with  church  services  in  the  morning  and afternoon acknowledging the  rich  harvest  that they  have  had  this  year.  Both  in  the  morning and at noon twenty-four cannon were fired which stood on the castle wall. Also a praise and thanksgiving song was played from the tower.
15 September. Lying at anchor.
16 September. Still there. I went on ship’s watch.
17 September. Still there.
18 September.  I  had  duty  with  the  reserve  and  went  with  it to  pull  sails.  In  the  morning, after having raised the anchor, we sailed out. Because we were not permitted to march on land here, we had  to  sail  back  again.  At ten  o’clock we again  passed Helgoland off  to our right. About one o’clock in the afternoon we arrived at Wangerooge and saw the Bremen Bock, or the  first  light  tower  of  Bremerlehe.  At  night  we  dropped  anchor  because  we  had  adverse winds.
19 September. In the morning the anchor was raised and we set sail; however, because the winds were contrary, we had to tack constantly. Our sailors merit the highest praise, because the journey is dangerous. The channel is indicated on the right and left with black and white barrels  as  markers.  During  the  afternoon  we  arrived  at  the  second  light  tower,  and  in  the evening we anchored before the Bremerlehe Harbor.
20 September. About three o’clock in the morning we again set sail and entered the seaport of Bremerlehe, where we anchored.
From  Deal  to  Bremerlehe  is  reckoned  to  be  three  hundred  English  miles.  The  city  of Bremerlehe  is  not  large,  but  beautifully  developed;  and  it  conducts  heavy  trading,  to  which the North Sea and the Weser River, which enters here, contribute much.
During the afternoon we were mustered and counted on our transport ships by the English Commissary General Faucitt and Major Rosengall. During the evening we were debarked and entered single-masted sloops and set sail toward Bremen. Today for the last time we received English  provisions,  and  now  each  man  receives  daily  fifteen  Rhineland  crowns  as  pay  and wages.
21 September. We sailed and arrived at a small place named Blexum, and continued on to Braake, which is a Danish village, where we anchored. Each man received one-half a Spanish dollar for shopping, with which we purchased pumpernickel, cheese, and cognac. During this night five men of the Ansbach Regiment deserted from one ship.

22 September. We sailed  to  Rönnebeck,  which  belongs  to  Hannover  and  lies  on  the  left bank  of  the  Weser  River.  From  there  we  sailed  to  Vegasack,  where  we  anchored.  I  was ordered on watch.
Vegasack is small, but beautifully developed. It belongs to Bremen. Opposite on the right lies Stegeneck, a Danish village, which belongs to the principality of Stettin.23 September.  About ten  o’clock  in  the  morning  the  troops  were  landed  near  Vegasack.
The baggage, however, remained on the ships. It was taken to Bremen on the Weser, and the ships were pulled by horses. We marched on land, and it took four hours to get there. During the afternoon we arrived before Bremen. We marched through the city with dressed ranks and with  music  playing,  and  during  the  night  were  embarked  on  a  Bremen  merchant  ship.  Our transport  consisted  of  two  companies  from  Seybothen,  two  companies  of  Voit’s  Regiment, and  four  companies  of  our  Jaeger  Regiment.  There was  also  a  transport  of  one  hundred Waldeck recruits with us.
Bremen lies on the Weser. It is an  imperial,  free, self-governing city and, considering the many privileges that it has, one of the most pleasant. The city is large, beautifully developed, well  fortified,   rich,  and  conducts  considerable  trade.  It  has  two  well-built  schools:  a Reformed, with a beautiful library; and a Lutheran near the Dome Church of the Bishopric of Bremen.  The  Reformed  religion  is  the  principal  one,  although  the  Lutherans  are  nearly  as numerous.  The  Dome  and  the  Dome  Church  are  very  splendid,  but  belong  to  the  King  of Sweden,  and  the  Evangelical  conduct  their  church  services  therein.  Bremen  has  a  beautiful and large stone bridge of thirteen spans, and there are twelve grinding mills under the bridge, which are in constant operation…
(to be continued)

“We Will Cross at Ely’s Ford Today”: Is the Yorktown Campaign Historical Marker at the Right Location?
by John R. Maass 18 September 2025 Jpournal of the AMerican Revolution
In the months prior to the Revolutionary War’s culminating siege at Yorktown and Gloucester Point, Virginia in 1781, the embattled Old Dominion was the scene of an intense campaign of maneuvers and raids. These operations pitted the young Maj. Gen. the Marquis de Lafayette, commanding a small, hard-pressed but determined American force, against Lt. Gen. Charles, Lord Cornwallis, whose army of thousands of veteran Redcoats, Hessians, and Loyalists far outnumbered the lean American ranks in maneuvers that ranged from Virginia’s flat Tidewater region to the Blue Ridge Mountains, and from the Potomac to the Appomattox and James Rivers in May and June.
Lord Cornwallis led over 5,000 hard-marching troops across central Virginia, capturing and destroying Patriots arms, supplies, and tobacco to choke off logistical support going to the army of Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene in the Carolinas. His hardy regiments had arrived in the beleaguered state in mid-May from coastal North Carolina and combined with British troops located at Petersburg. Earlier in 1781, Lafayette was ordered to Virginia by Gen. George Washington with about 1,000 Continental Army light infantrymen to provide the nucleus of a defensive force in Virginia to at least try to check the destructive British raids led by the traitor Benedict Arnold that began in early January. The marquis was also to be reinforced by local, often undependable, militia companies and a detachment of 1,000 Pennsylvania regulars led by Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne, although the latter would not arrive in Lafayette’s camps from York, Pennsylvania, until June 10. Read more…

Britain’s second front: The war for public opinion
By Nick Bunker Sept 2025 Washington Post
As autumn began in England in 1775, the government led by the prime minister, Frederick, Lord North, found itself waging two different kinds of war. Since July, when news had arrived from Massachusetts of Britain’s Pyrrhic victory at Bunker Hill, which had cost a thousand redcoats dead or wounded, it had been clear that King George III’s soldiers could not crush the American rebels that year.
The British had no choice but to evacuate Boston, a decision North made in early September that swiftly leaked to the press. They would have to assemble a new army of 20,000 men to reconquer the colonies in 1776. While the logistics alone would be daunting, requiring 200 ships to carry just the infantry, the government had another campaign to fight at home. This was the war for public opinion.
“’Tis … on Opinion only that Government is founded,” the Scottish philosopher David Hume had written in 1741. Far from being the despotism Americans imagined it to be, Britain was a constitutional kingdom where the monarch’s executive power required Parliament’s consent. To that point, whenever Parliament debated the American crisis, North had enjoyed comfortable majorities, but all-out war would entail a vote for new taxes soon after Parliament ended its summer recess on Oct. 26. Only the elected chamber, the House of Commons, had the power to tax, and even in this age of oligarchy, it had to answer to the public. Read more… (my apologies if this is behind a paywall.)

General John Twiggs and the American Revolution
by Robert Scott Davis 16 September 2025 Journal of the American Revolution
Georgia’s legendary John Twiggs had a distinguished public career during and after the American Revolution, but he left almost no other information about himself, as reflected in the extremely concise and brief text on his tombstone and obituary. The family descends from the Twiggs family of Devonshire, England, reportedly including Thomas Twiggs (died 1614) of Jamestown, Virginia. A biographical sketch published in 1849, apparently from information provided by John’s sons, gives Maryland as his place of birth and a date of June 5, 1750, the same date that is on his tombstone. His parents, George Twiggs and his second wife, Elizabeth Bryan, were reportedly poor and died after arriving in Georgia in 1751. He then lived with David Emanuel Sr.
Twiggs’ biographer described him as five feet ten inches tall, stoutly made, well proportioned, with gray eyes and a florid complexion. He had a limited education and became a carpenter who built a mill in what became Richmond County, Georgia, following his marriage, in or after 1769, to Ruth Emanuel (died 1827), the sister of a later governor of Georgia, David Emanuel Jr.
The earliest reference now found to any Twiggs in Georgia is to John witnessing a deed in 1772. A copy of now-lost public records, certified in 1897, shows him commissioned as a first lieutenant in a newly formed regiment of colonial militia in St. Paul Parish (used as the boundaries of original Richmond County in 1777), Georgia, on June 10, 1772. That same document also shows his promotion to captain in February 1774. He likely served in the disastrous defeat of the colony’s notoriously poorly trained and equipped militia by Creek warriors on the frontier in the summer of 1773. Read more…

 

18th Century Hearing Aids
By Sarah Murden 22 Oct 2015
Hearing aids have made some quite dramatic progress since the Georgian era . Towards the end of the 18th century the use of an ear trumpet was commonplace, with collapsible ones being made on a one off basis for customers. Well known models of the period included the Townsend Trumpet (made by the John Townshend) and the Reynolds Trumpet (specially made for painter Joshua Reynolds) which funneled sound into the inner ear.
One of the quirkiest objects I have come across to assist with hearing is this image. It is a flower vase receptacle made by F. C Rein about 1810. The object would sit in the middle of a dining  table once filled with flowers. Each of the six openings, or “receptors,” would act as sound collectors. Read more…

 

NATO 75
Founded in 1949, the Western military alliance remains a powerful geopolitical force.
by Timothy Andrews Sayle — 15 March 2024 at Canada’s History
Seventy-five years ago, on April 4, 1949, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and nine other European states signed the treaty that created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). From 1949 to today, the alliance has survived the Cold War for which it was created and has more than doubled in size to thirty-one members. And it is still growing: Finland joined the alliance in 2023, and NATO is expected to add one more member when the ratification of Sweden’s membership is complete.
NATO, whose member states represent nearly one billion people, is the largest and most powerful military alliance in history. But the fact that it has existed for so long and has grown so large would have surprised the men who signed the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. They had created NATO as part of a Cold War strategy to bind the United States to Western Europe. The alliance’s purpose was to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding its influence and control in Europe. And yet NATO has lasted long past the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Today, in an echo of that earlier history, NATO’s primary purpose is to deter Russia from aggressive moves against NATO members.
Historically, most military alliances have been formed in wartime. They are tools of necessity and circumstance, used by leaders to wage a specific conflict. NATO is different. It was created to prevent a recurrence of war in Europe. Read more…

Advertised on 17 September 1775: ‘Excellent Accommodations for Passengers’

“Excellent Accommodations for Passengers.”

In the early months of the Revolutionary War, colonizers who needed to travel between Norwich and New London had an option other going by road between the two towns.  They could instead book passage on “BRADDICK’s NORWICH and NEW-LONDON PASSAGE-BOAT,” according to John Braddick’s advertisement in the September 15, 1775, edition of the Connecticut Gazette.  He offered that service “every Day in the Week, Wind and Weather permitting,” though his advertisement did not specify the time that the boat departed from each town.  Presumably it left Norwich in the morning, sailed about fifteen miles down the Thames River to New London on the coast, remained there for a few hours, and returned in the late afternoon before darkness arrived…
…The same issue also carried an advertisement for “Henry Bates’s New-London and New-Haven Passage Boat.”  His service ran weekly rather than daily, transporting passengers over a much longer distance.  Read more…


Events Upcoming

Glengarry Rambles, Eastern Ontario bus tour; Four Dates Oct 4, 5

From South Lancaster north to McCrimmon and return. Hear about Major Angus in the Grove, Lalonde’s Sink, Kelly’s Swamp, Bonnie Briar and more.  Details

and registration…

Kingston and District Branch UELAC “Schooner Women” Sat 27 Sept @1:00 pm

at St. Paul’s Anglican Church Hall, 137 Queen Street (doors open at noon); or on Zoom (starting 12:30 p.m.).  Dr. David More (Ph.D. History, Queen’s) speaks on “Schooner

Women:  Unique Seafaring Loyalist Descendants on the Great Lakes”.  David is an award-winning historical novelist who presents the remarkable story of paid female schooner hands of the 19th century, including “Nerva” from Prince Edward County who became perhaps the most famous sea cook in the world.  Details and Zoom link, at Kingston Branch.  All are welcome!

St Albans  Saturday September 27th – 7:30pm –  Minstrel of the Dawn is a Gordon Lightfoot Tribute Band

This show is comprised of songs written and recorded by the late and great Canadian composer and musician.   Details, tickets…

Author’s Talk— Washington’s Lieutenants: Major Versus Brigadier Generals in the Revolutionary War.  October 1, 2025 @ 6:30 pm – 7:30 pm

While the Continental Army’s commander-in-chief, Gen. George Washington, directed some of the army’s battles during the Revolution, his strategy for the most part was carried out—and most battles were won or lost—by his subordinates, the army’s major and brigadier generals, whose backgrounds, experience and abilities varied.  Details…

From the Social Media and Beyond

    • Masonic and Loyalist Connections: September 08, 2025. Blog by Brian McConnell UE
      The first Masonic lodge in what is now Canada was established in   Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia in 1738 by Major Erasmus James Philipps. He was the father – in – law of  Major General Horatio Gates, commander of the Northern Continental Army,  to whom Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne surrendered on October 17, 1777 at the   Battle of Saratoga.
      In nearby  Digby  the first Masonic Lodge was applied for on Sept. 10, 1784 by United Empire Loyalist John Hill.  The Secretary of the Lodge was another Loyalist, Robert Timpany who was buried in the graveyard of Trinity Anglican Church.
      Many United Empire Loyalists were Masons in Nova Scotia as well as in other areas of the future Canada, like in Upper Canada.  It was a popular and influential fraternal order in Colonial America.  Below is the Masonic apron of Jacob Huffman, UE who after the American Revolution settled in Fredericksburgh Township, Ontario. Read more… Brian McConnell UE
    • Food and Related: Townsends

Editor’s Note: It has been tough trying to make time to add more this week as we adjust to time and routine changes. Living some more history, moving from Berlin to Potsdam to Wittenberg and Torgau, the latter ones and some future ones supposedly by river boat, except the water is too low in the Elbe River, so we eat and sleep on the floating hotel but travel to sites by bus.
…Doug

 

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