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The Hessian Sessions: Part Two: A Procedure Unprecedented and Illegal  
copyright Stephen Davidson UE
On June 19, 1783, Sir Guy Carleton received an angry letter from Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm von Lossberg, the last commander of German troops in North America. Responsible for the repatriation of the Hessian troops who had fought alongside the king’s forces, Lossberg was outraged at how German prisoners of war had been treated by the Patriots.
He told the British commander in chief, “Every  information  which  I have  been  able  to  obtain  respecting  the  German  prisoners  of war  to  the  United  States,  who  have  been  indented  as  servants or  enlisted  in  the  American  army,  concurs  in  convincing  me, that  having  been  brought  to  this  condition  by  compulsion  and other  devices,  many  of  them  are  strongly  desirous  of  returning to  their  duty,  and  that  they  are  detained  against  their inclinations. As I do consider the resolve of Congress and the subsequent treatment of the prisoners … as a procedure unprecedented and illegal in itself.”
Used to the rules followed in European conflicts regarding the treatment of prisoners of war, Lossberg was outraged at how the Hessians had been treated by the Patriots.  Rather than being fed and housed in prisoner of war camps, the Hessians had been made to work, often as indented servants to civilians. Others were tricked into joining the rebel side with offers of American citizenship.
Lossberg was particularly disturbed by German prisoners of war who were made to work at an iron foundry in New Jersey. “The situation of the thirty-five men indented to John Jacob Faesch at Mount Hope is a notorious evidence for the justice of this demand.”
Other letters that Carleton received revealed how Hessian soldiers had been treated once they became prisoners of war as far back as 1776.  Following the Battle of Trenton, which saw 1,400 German soldiers overwhelmed by George Washington’s army, the Patriots had to decide what to do with their Hessian prisoners.
The historians George Lewis and John Mewha note that American clergymen visited the POWs and read a proclamation that stated, “The King of Great Britain refused to pay for their maintenance, their Tyrant princes also had abandoned and sold them. Congress did therefore leave it to their choice, either to enlist in the American Service, or pay … for their past maintenance in hard money, which sum, if they could not afford to pay, the farmers would advance for them on binding themselves to serve them for three years, in both of which case they must take the Oath of Allegiance to the United States.” The clergymen urged the prisoners to enlist rather than becoming indented servants.
The same historians record the fact that Hessian regimental band members were among the prisoners of war. While others were hired out, these Germans were paid a salary for playing for ladies who were “all anxious for the music“. The band later played at a dinner for Congress in Philadelphia on July 4, 1777 – the first anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The band was in constant demand for parties and balls, and when Congressmen were forced to leave Philadelphia, they took the German musicians with them.
Such treatment was the exception to the rule; generally, Hessians were exploited as a cheap labour force. The most infamous example of the abuse of Hessian troops was found at the iron foundry in Mount Hope, New Jersey.
Owned by a Swiss immigrant named John Jacob Faesh, the Mount Hope iron foundry made vital supplies for the Patriot forces: shovels, cannon, axes, cannon shot, and other implements.
In March of 1777, General Washington gave his personal approval to have Hessian prisoners work for Faesh, including, “wood choppers, two carpenters, one wheelwright, two blacksmiths, two masons, a barber, and one beer brewer.” Being able to speak German facilitated Faesh’s ability to direct and oversee his prisoner labourers. One report states that Faesh later took as many as 250 German prisoners to work in the foundry, and that he built five log houses for them.
On April 29, 1782, Faesh acquired 35 more Hessian POWs, including Leopold Zindel/Zuendell and Corporal Philip Roeder. They signed an oath of allegiance and agreed to be indentured servants for three years, because – they said—no one had explained the documents they signed or translated them into German. Their only other alternatives were purchasing their liberty and becoming American citizens, enlisting in the American army, or being incarcerated in Philadelphia.
The responses of Zindel and Roeder illustrate how German soldiers reacted to American offers of a new life. Patriot records say that the Hessians took the allegiance oath “willingly”, while the Germans said they were “compelled”.
According to rebel documents, when Captain Antoni Selin, a Swiss-born officer, visited Mount Hope, he commanded Zindel to go with him – a conversation that was conducted in German.  However, the POW is reported as responding, “Me no go; me first die.” When Lt. General Lossberg was able to purchase the prisoners’ freedom from Faesh, Zindel decided to remain in New Jersey where he married and raised a family.
Philip Roeder, on the other hand, was not content to remain a prisoner of the Patriots and ran away from the farmer to whom he had been indented. When he was eventually recaptured, the German was whipped “in a very cruel manner“.
The two men’s actions as prisoners of war raised questions about the true loyalty of all Germans who were eventually reunited with their regiments at the revolution’s conclusion. Were they genuinely loyal to the crown – or had they been prepared to remain in the United States?
In May of 1783, a British officer quoted a German quarter master as saying that he had “every reason to suppose many of the German prisoners of war who are dispersed through the country would be glad to return to their respective corps … and also that several others who complain of having been indented as servants by compulsion are strongly desirous of returning to their duty.”
An American officer countered by saying that no German prisoner was detained who wished to return to Europe. “I have enquired into the complaint made by the Germans at Mount Hope, and it appears to me to be altogether without foundation, and the least colour of truth.”
Lieutenant General Lossberg also felt that Congress should apologize for the way Hessian soldiers were treated. In June, the German commander wrote to Carleton asking him to use his “authority with Congress” to demand a “just redress of this grievance”. He wanted a general proclamation made to announce to all German prisoners” their perfect liberation and free permission of returning to their respective corps in the King’s service”.
Gen. Lincoln, the American secretary for war, denied all responsibility, maintaining generally that if prisoners did not come in, it was to be inferred that they did not wish to return.
Lossberg never received satisfaction for how his countrymen had been treated by the Patriots – and Congress never admitted to any wrong doing with regard to their treatment of German prisoners of war.
However, Sir Guy Carleton’s correspondence from the summer of 1783 shows that some German soldiers did, indeed, begin new lives in North America. A numbers of officers and men took advantage of their German Princes’ permission to leave their regiments and join with loyalist settlers in Nova Scotia, where they received grants of land. Those stories will be told in next week’s Loyalist Trails.
To secure permission to reprint this article contact the author at stephendavids@gmail.com.

Hessian Soldiers Travelling to America: Moving Across Continental Europe. October 1783
From a Hessian Diary of the American Revolution.
This excerpt from the diary of Johan Conrad Dohla (170 pages).

Major Moves during Johan’s deployment:

  • March 1777:   Depart Germany
  • 3 June 1777:   Arrive New York, then Amboy NJ
  • November 1777:  To Philadelphia
  • June 1778: to Long Island
  • July 1778: To Newport RI
  • October 1779: to New York
  • May 1781: to Chesapeake Bay (Yorktown)
  • October 1781: to Williamsburg
  • January 1782: to Frederick MD (about 40 km west of Baltimore)
  • May 1783: departed Frederick MD for Springfield, Long Island
  • August 1783: Boarded ship at Denys’s Ferry
  • September 1783: England, The North Sea and Germany

1783: Continuation of the Notable Occurences in the North American Field Campaign;

In the Month of October 1783 – page 149
page 149
1 October. We went to Landesbergen and then to Stolzenau, two beautiful and large places lying on our left a short way from the river and belonging to Wolfenb?ttel. Today I went on watch on the ship.
2 October. We came into the Prussian territory of Schl?sselburg, a place on our right lying on  the  Weser  and  belonging  to  the  principality  of  Minden,  which  belongs  to  the  King  of Prussia.
3 October. To Petershagen, a small Prussian city where a bloody battled occurred between the French and the allied armies in the year 1759, during the Seven Years War.
Petershagen  has  an  old  fortified  castle. The residence  of  the  bishops was here  before  the Peace of Munster.
4 October. We traveled to Prussian Minden, which is the capital city of the principality of Minden. It is a large, well-populated, and well-fortified city, occupied by a strong garrison. It has a beautiful, recently built barracks.
The steeples of the cathedral, cloister, and city church are covered with  lead. We traveled through the  beautiful  stone  bridge, which has  eleven  arches,  and  under which there  are two grinding mills.
The local chapter house consists of eighteen people, some Catholic, some Lutheran. There is also a Lutheran seminary here; a school and orphans’ home; a prison and workhouse, with a stocking factory; and three poorhouses.
During the afternoon we sailed from Prussian Minden to Hausberge, a place that lay on our left on the Weser and where we remained overnight.
From Minden onward, our ship was pulled by Prussian invalids and retired soldiers. Thirty or forty men were hitched to two ships, and it went rather slowly.
5 October. I went on watch. Today we went to Vlotho, which is a large place laid out along a line in a fertile and beautiful valley between two high mountains. On the right, on one of the mountains, is an old fortified building which is a prison.
This Vlotho here is the last Prussian settlement, and today also our ship was still pulled by people.     These two days, each man received one Franconian gulden as his day, or pulling, pay. The principality of Minden, which previously  belonged to the principalities of J?lich, Cleve, and Berg, is very mountainous.
6 October. Our ship was again pulled by horses. We arrived in the territory of Lippe.
After passing Schauenberg, we arrived at Leixenberg, where we anchored.
7 October.  We  reached  Rinteln,  a  city  that  previously  belonged  to  the  county  of Schauenberg. Now, however, it belongs to the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel.
Rinteln is a beautiful and large city, but the buildings are old. A strong Hessian garrison is there in a large barracks complex. It has a university, which was founded in the year 1612.
At  Rinteln  we  sailed  under  a  wooden  bridge  that  was  raised.  From  there  we  went  to Rambeck, a Hessian settlement, where we remained overnight.
Today we received news of our Colonel von Seybothen and the frigate Sibylle, on which a Grenadier F?hr I, of Reitzenstein’s Company of Seybothen Regiment, had died at sea.
We also  learned  of  the  death  of Major von  Seitz, whose life  ended  on  that  frigate. He was  buried  at  sea.  We  also  learned  of  the  great  danger  that  our  troops  on  the  Sibylle had survived during a great storm, as they had to chop down a mast, which they lost.
8 October. We sailed to Hameln, a Hannoverian city. Hameln, on the Weser, is a large and well-fortified city and the key to Hannover.
For the  convenience  of  navigation,  a  lock  is  in  operation  here,  right  in  the  city, which  is very strongly constructed of cut and squared stones. We traveled through the lock with a great many people looking on.
The  city  has  three  great  walls  and  is  surrounded  with  defensive  positions  and  high mountains.     On the right, on the great Glyth Mountain opposite the city, lies Fort Saint George, which is of great importance. It was built there already twenty years ago. In Hameln there is a strong garrison of Hannoverians. The city is beautiful and built on a regular plan.
On the right, opposite the city, there is another mountain concerning which the following fable is told:
In the year 1282, a ratcatcher, on a Sunday during the sermon, led 130 children out of the city and into this mountain and they only came out again in the Seven Cities.
(to be continued)

McKEE, ALEXANDER, Indian agent, furtrader, and local official
By Reginald Horsman, in Dictionary of Canadian Biography
Born c1735 in western Pennsylvania, son of Irish trader Thomas McKee and a Shawnee woman (or possibly a white captive of the Indians); d. 15 Jan. 1799 on the Thames River, Upper Canada.
As a young man Alexander McKee was a lieutenant in the Pennsylvania forces during the early part of the Seven Years’ War. He entered the Indian department in 1760 as an assistant to George Croghan and until the outbreak of the American revolution he served the department and traded, achieving considerable importance among the tribes north of the Ohio River. He was married to a Shawnee woman and in the early 1770s had a home in one of the Shawnee villages on the Scioto River (Ohio).
As McKee was sympathetic to the British cause at the beginning of the revolution, he was kept under surveillance. In March 1778, with Matthew Elliott, Simon Girty, and others, he fled from the Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh, Pa) region into the Ohio country. Later in the year he joined the British at Detroit. The Americans considered his departure a major blow because McKee had extensive influence among the Indians. At Detroit he became a captain and interpreter in the Indian department and for the rest of the revolution helped direct operations among the Indians in the Ohio valley against the Americans…
…After the revolution McKee obtained land on the Canadian side of the Detroit River, but he served at Detroit as deputy agent in the Indian department…
…When in the early 1790s full-scale hostilities broke out between the Americans and the Indian tribes, McKee and his assistants helped to gather and supply the Indians who resisted American expeditions [see Egushwa]. With John Graves Simcoe*, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, he tried to devise a workable plan for an Indian buffer state between American and British possessions. Read more…

Book: A Man of Distinction Among Them: Alexander McKee and British-Indian Affairs Along the Ohio Country Frontier, 1754-1799
by Larry L. Nelson (Author) 2014, Kent State University Press
A Man of Distinction among Them represents an important step in under standing the complexities surrounding the early history of the Ohio Country and the Old Northwest and provides the clearest and most comprehensive portrait of a central figure in that Alexander McKee. Fathered by a white trader and raised partly by his Shawnee mother, McKee was at home in either culture and played an active role in Great Lakes Indian affairs for nearly 50 years. McKee served as a “cultural mediator”-a go-between who linked the native and European worlds. He exploited his familial affiliation and close economic ties to both communities to encourage trade, foster diplomatic relations, and forge a military alliance between the British government and the tribes of the Old Northwest. Available at book sellers…

Blog: About UE Loyalist History
by Brian McConnell UE at UE Loyalist History

The Battles of Saratoga
The Battles of Saratoga have been described as among the most crucial events of the American Revolution and Loyalists were there. Approximately 8,300 British troops including Loyalists and around 12,000 – 15,000 American soldiers were involved.  On a recent visit to Saratoga National Historical Park  in New York I walked the area and observed information signs marking where events happened and describing the participants. Read more…

The Mohawks
The Mohawks, under leaders like Joseph Brant, were a significant group of indigenous people who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution. Many lost their lands in the Mohawk Valley of New York and moved to Canada as refugees.  At Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia is a monument that demonstrates this connection to the British had gone on for many years prior to that time. Read more…

Black Loyalists
The refugees from the American Revolution who came to Canada included Black Loyalists.  Some travelled after receiving their freedom from the British for service during the conflict and others as property of white Loyalists.
Communities in Nova Scotia like Birchtown and Brinley Town were founded by Black Loyalists.  However, due to discrimination and disadvantages many decided to leave for  Sierra Leone .  Read more…

Retribution in Pennsylvania: The 1780 British Counter-Offensive to the Sullivan-Clinton Campaign 
by Andrew A. Zellers-Frederick 2 Oct 2025 Journal of the American Revolution
“The Expedition of Genl Sullivan against the six nations seems by its effects to have exasperated than to have terrified or disabled them,” wrote Continental Congressman James Madison in June 1780. This 1779 Patriot offensive, known as the Sullivan Campaign or the Sullivan-Clinton Campaign, was meant to teach the Loyalists and their Native American allies a violent lesson it was hoped they would not soon forget. The brutal effects from this epic military incursion are well documented, but much of the more widely-known published materials are concerned with the large-scale engagements throughout the state of New York rather than the more intimate but equally bloody and fierce smaller-scale fighting in neighboring Pennsylvania…
In 1779, Gen. George Washington had ordered Maj. Gen. John Sullivan to command an expedition by Continental troops, supported by militia and a considerable amount of military resources, to end the “considerable mischief on the North East Corner of Pennsylvania” by the forces of the Crown. Washington it was to the “highest degree distressing to have our frontier so continually harassed by this collection of Banditti under Brand [Joseph Brant] and Butler [Walter Butler].” Washington was referring to the destructive raids launched the previous year against Pennsylvania’s Wyoming Valley and the New York settlements of German Flats and Cherry Valley…
…On paper, it appeared that Sullivan and Brig. Gen. James Clinton had successfully completed their assignment of annihilating the Iroquois threat by the fall of 1779. Their 4,000 soldiers leveled over forty Native American towns and villages, devastated countless orchards, and destroyed approximately 160,000 bushels of corn. The Iroquois had been compelled to abandon their homeland and seek refuge with their British allies at Fort Niagara while constantly suffering the pains of hunger and death from starvation during harsh winter of 1779-80…
…By the middle of November, over 2,628 refugees had fled from Sullivan’s troops to Fort Niagara, with these figures nearly doubling to over 5,000 by the end of 1779. Arrivals of Senecas, Cayugas, Delawares, Chugnuts, and Onondagas added to the already overcrowded conditions of the presently encamped Oquagas, Mohawks, Tuscaroras, Oneidas, a scattering of Loyalists, and some members of western Indian tribes. Providing the necessities of life for all of these afflicted people, including his own garrison troops, was a major logistical problem for the British command…The Sullivan-Clinton Expedition had no sooner departed from the Iroquois’ territory than these tribes were planning massive retaliation.
It is apparent that Sullivan had failed in his assignment, as he was unable to bring his adversaries into a classic major battle of annihilation. He also neglected to capture as many Native American women and children as possible to hold them as hostages against further threats from Iroquois warriors. As the dust from the expedition settled, many in the Patriot cause began to realize what Continental Congressman Joseph Jones recorded: “It is not improbable the Indians, United with some British troops and Tories may be troublesome this Summer in resentment for Sullivans treatment the last year which served rather to provoke than destroy or ruin.” For all of this massive, carefully-planned and tactically successful undertaking on the part of the Continental Army, it is ironic that its overall strategic results were negligible. Read more…

Shootout at the House in the Horseshoe
by John Hanc 29 September 2025
About an hour’s drive west from Raleigh, in North Carolina’s Moore County, the traffic thins out, the roads narrow, and the suburban sprawl of the Triangle area softens into farmland, ringed by trees, unrolling across the horizon.
While only a little over fifty miles from one of the country’s fastest-growing metropolitan areas, this is still the backcountry, and has been for centuries. On a sweltering day in late June 2025, it’s not hard to imagine a similar morning in July 1781, when the warm work of musketry crackled through the torpid Carolina air, centered around what, at the time, was the grandest home in these parts, a manse that went by a poetic moniker: the House in the Horseshoe.
“It’s rural today, and it was even more so in the eighteenth century,” says Amanda Brantley, the site supervisor for what is now a state historic house museum. “There weren’t a lot of neighbors.”
Located in the North Carolina Piedmont region, on a distinctively shaped bend of the nearby Deep River (hence, the name), the two-story framed structure with a gable roof was the site of a small battle, one of many skirmishes that rumbled back and forth across the Carolina backcountry in the final years of the Revolution. The fighting here was unlike the major engagements farther north or even the series of battles between Gen. Nathanael Greene and Gen. Charles Cornwallis in other parts of the Carolinas.  Read more… 

Advertised on 3 October 1775: ‘Brown Bread with Liberty’
What was advertised in a revolutionary American newspaper 250 years ago today?

“Brown Bread with Liberty, will please more, than white with Slavery.”

No advertisements appeared in the October 3, 1775, edition of the New-Hampshire Gazette, though the printer, Daniel Fowle, inserted a notice addressing why that was the case.  “The only Apology the Publisher can make for this Day’s Paper,” he stated, is that he could not procure any other.”  He referred to the size of the broadsheet.  The newspaper usually consisted of four pages with three columns on each page, but since hostilities commenced at Lexington and Concord Fowle’s paper supply had been disrupted.  Many issues consisted of only two pages, including the one from the previous week.  Despite having fewer pages, the masthead for the September 26 edition featured an additional note that proudly exclaimed, “This Paper compleats the 19th Year of the New- Hampshire GAZETTE, AND HISTORICAL CHRONICLE.”  The newspaper began its twentieth year with a two-page edition that had only two columns on each page.  Given the limited space, Fowle published news and excluded advertisements.
Fowle hoped that the problem “may be remedied another Week,” but “if not; brown Bread with Liberty, will please more, than white with Slavery.”  Like many other printers, he had been a consistent supporter of the American cause.  Read more…

For Acadians in southwest Nova Scotia, the mysterious Belliveau apple is a tangible link to the past
By Karen Pinchin 19 Sept 2025 Canadian Geographic
On a Saturday afternoon in April, as trees in southwest Nova Scotia pushed tender buds into a warming world, a burly, dark-haired man stood at the front of a chapel in Pointe-de-l’E´glise, N.S., spreading the gospel of a single apple variety. Beneath glowing stained-glass windows, more than 50 apple lovers, cider makers and history buffs had gathered to hear Simon Thibault, an Acadian cookbook author and journalist, tell the tale of an apple called the Belliveau and its connections to his own family tree.
The green-and-red-striped apple dates to the late 18th century, when its sweet, crisp flesh and long-keeping qualities helped sustain early French settlers on Mi’kmaq lands. Those settlers called themselves Acadians, an identity Thibault now wears proudly. But that wasn’t always the case.
I first struck up a friendship with Thibault a decade ago, around the time he began writing his first cookbook. I found myself entranced by his tales of his Acadian forebears, who were forcibly expelled from Nova Scotia by British troops in 1755 in the Grand De´rangement, or Acadian deportation. I had graduated from university with a joint journalism and history degree, followed by a French-language certificate in Quebec City to better understand our country. So why did I know so little about the Acadians?
Near the book’s end, Thibault waxes eloquent on apple pie and addresses the hazy provenance of the Belliveau, an heirloom apple grown by his parents Jeanne and Hector on their hobby farm in Clare, N.S., where he grew up. For Thibault’s ancestors, he knew, apples were both pleasure and subsistence: a reliable annual crop offering a backstop against starvation in lean years. But this apple — laced with cultural folklore, culinary heritage and a tangible link to his genetic lineage — represented something more. Read more…

Where’s the Pirate? Or, why I wrote a history of rum with only a few pirates in it
by Jordan Smith Sept 2025 at Common PLace
Over time, the history of what was consumed in those taverns became more interesting to me than a rather limited subset of drinkers.
On August 6, 1718, a sloop carrying seven pirates, an “Englishman,” and one mixed-race man anchored off the coast of Rhode Island. The pirates had heard reports that any wayward men willing to abandon their careers as freebooters before September 5 could seek a pardon for their crimes. Hoping to satisfy the terms of the amnesty, they told a story of “being forced out of Merchants Service by Capt. Teach,” more famously remembered as Blackbeard. Moreover, they claimed they had already reformed their ways since parting company with “Capt. Edward a Pirate” almost three weeks earlier. Suspicious of their story, however, Governor Samuel Cranston ordered the men to be held until he could confer with the two non-pirates.
The innocents in their midst told another story. Since boarding Thomas Downing’s sloop near Virginia, the crew darted up the North American coast with a few final scores in mind. They plundered three sloops: “one from Virginia, one from North Carolina to New-York and one from Barbados to Philadelphia.” According to the August 11 issue of the Boston News-Letter, the pirates “took a cable and anchor and 4 hogsheads of rum and other things out of the Philadelphia Sloop.”
Rum was an integral part of the world inhabited by pirates. Produced from the wastes left over after boiling and curing sugar on Caribbean plantations, the upstart commodity added even more value to one of the most lucrative colonial systems that the world had ever seen. Treasure pooled in the form of slave-produced sugar and rum in the English Caribbean and in North American port cities alike. The emergence of rum—eminently desirable, fencible, and valuable—supported many different forms of profiteering during Atlantic piracy’s “golden age” in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Read more…


Events Upcoming

The American Revolution Institute: The Formation of the Continental Army, Mon 15 Oct @6:30

In 1775, the rebellious Americans had to form a standing army to protect their rights and defend themselves against occupying British forces. On June 14, 1775, shortly before the Battle of Bunker Hill in Boston, the Second Continental Congress passed a resolution that authorized the creation of an army that represented unity between the thirteen colonies, called the Continental Army, and appointed Gen. George Washington as its commander-in-chief. historian Holly Mayer, Ph.D., explores. Details.

From the Social Media and Beyond

  • Thanks to Brian McConnell UE for sharing his visits to historical sites – usually with a Loyalist connection.
  • Sept 13:Spending overnight in Cornwall, Ontario we made a short visit to the former home of William Wood, son of Loyalist Jonas Wood built about 1840, which now houses the Cornwall Museum and Headquarters of the UELAC.
  •  Sept 16: Enjoyed tour and demonstrations at Fort William Henry this morning
  •  Sept 17: Visit this week to cemetery in Brock Township, Ontario where my first ancestor born in Canada in 1788 was buried: Samuel Umphrey, son of UEL James Umphrey
  •  Sept 18: At the site of the 1777  Battles of Saratoga  today.  Great thrill to visit  the place that has been called the “most decisive battle of American Revolution”.  Monument to Benedict Arnold.
    Great time viewing this historic site!  The Neilson House used by American officers and Monument to Benedict Arnold were my favourites.
    The burial of Brigadier – General Simon Fraser and the significance of the 18th century battles fought here during the American Revolution. Fraser came to Canada with French Indian War and had been in action at Siege of Louisbourg and Battle of Quebec.
  •  Sept 19: visited the Bennington Battle Monument  which is 306 feet 4 and 1/2 inches tall. It is Vermont’s tallest structure, commemorating the 1777 Battle of Bennington.
  • Sept 23: Stopped at St. Croix Island International Historic Site to learn about  first attempt at French settlement in Acadia in 1604  on St. Croix Island. After a difficult winter,  colonists moved to Port Royal in summer of 1605 led by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts, and Samuel Champlain.
  •  More photos taken on recent trip.  Sheriff Andrews House,  a New Brunswick heritage site in St. Andrews, built 1820 by Elisha Shelton Andrews, son of Loyalist Rev. Samuel Andrews. Elisha practised law & was judge of Charlotte County.
  • Food and Related: Townsends

  • This week in History

Editor’s Note: A good trip. As the water was low, we sailed only one day on a river boat on the Elbe (but it was the best day – scenery and weather –  of all to sail); many visits along the way to that magical city Prague.  From Krakow in Poland we visited Auschwitz Concentration and Extermination camp (how can mankind do this to others – then, now, seemingly forever) and a finale in Warsaw. Learned a lot. But glad to be home although still recovering; hence a smaller issue again.
….doug

 

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